If one of the divisions Essay Example for Free

If one of the divisions Essay Within Judaism there are two major splits, the first is orthodox and the other is non orthodox. Even though they are both on the same branch of religion their belief of how such actions and laws are determined differently on how strict their society is. This does not mean the non orthodox are further from god it’s just the idea they interpretation of the Torah, Talmud and laws are different to orthodox. Orthodox Judaisms main belief is that the Torah, including both the Written Law and the Oral Law, were given directly from God to Moses and can never be altered or rejected in any way. As a result, all Orthodox Jews are required to live in accordance with the Commandments and Jewish law. As well within the UK there are 80% of Orthodox Jews therefore it is open to interpretation that the Orthodox belief is primarily considered the right way to worship. Ways in which we can Orthodox abiding all of Gods laws is by keeping to the 613 commandments set down within the Torah, especially the first 10 for example ‘thou shall not kill’ an orthodox would defiantly not contemplate killing another leaving person even if they were in pain as it goes against the 6th commandment. As well as keeping the commandments the orthodox believe in the idea of physical being and the belief that the messiah is coming and that he will enlighten the world. Others ways which the orthodox Jews are able to express their belief and full holiness by performing areas such as Niddah and holding this family purity to the full extent, for example The Torah describes niddah, as ‘the ritual impurity due to menstruation, and the prohibition of having relations within the time period of a niddah’ this is therefore taken by the orthodox Jews that the are unable to have sexual contact within the woomens monthly menstration and as well she has to stay un touched for two weeks. Another purpose of how orthodox Jews are considered to pursue life the right way is by obeying Koser, ‘a kid should not be cook in its mothers milk’ the orthodox way of dealing with this law is by having milk and meat completelly separate and not eat one another with 4 hours. It can be considered that orthodox way of life is right compaired to Non orthodox because they keep all of the laws from god, they specify in what they believe and have their own way of interpretating them. As well to orthodox Jews the ablity to Keep all of Gods laws giving them this awareness of them succeeding to be striving for holness’ however even though the Orthodox Jews are tring to strive they isolate them selves within there community and try their hardest not to mix with others. On the other hand non orthodox beliefs are more of a modern interperation and shows the possiblity of flexiblity. It can be seen that non orthodox believe in more of a spirtual biding with each others it shows that they do not have to be so forward within their belief and show the world they can abide by all the laws, but on the other hand this spritual awareness allows for the non orthodox jews to have more of a say on what laws they believe in and how they feel the can abide with them and also blend in to society. The non orthadox jews are seen to take an non literal view of the laws for example koser, they don’t really feel it is totally applicable and they eat milk and meat together or they don’t seprate the work services. Unlike the Orthodox jews waiting for the messiah to come the Non orthodox jews believe in the idea that the messiah does not need to a person and they do not require the temple to be re built as they are happy as they are. The non orthodox aspect has an slight area of freewill where it is the Jews own choice to whaet they want to believe in and how they interpretate the laws, guidelines and community. If it was considered that the Non orthodox view was correct because of this idea for there religion to be free and be able to interpretate the laws in their own way and association with modern day then the strict order of Orthodox is wrong because it is strict and unaware of modern times. Even though the orthodox and non orthodox are different sections of Judaism they still both use the synagogue to Worship god but even their ideas in the synangogue are different. For Orthodox Jews, women and men should be seprated and the women aspects are more focused at home and looking after the chicldren, while the men are at work or being Rabbi’s helping in the community, how ever in an Non orthodox synagogue men and women are able to sit together though worship as well women are able to become Rabbi’s as well as working and looking after the children. As well in the non orthodox faith they allow to bring there children up under the faith but also allow for them to make their own decision on the laws, however orthodox children are brought up very strict and abide by every law like their parents and ancestors. To conclude both divisions within Judaism are part of the same religion, they are united in faith and faith to God. So no one group can be wrong as it is down to personal interpretation. As well both splits are right in there own society as it more about there society and community and its just like looking at different cultures instead of the idea one must be wrong as they are the same religion.

The Case Of John Lacking Capacity Social Work Essay

The Case Of John Lacking Capacity Social Work Essay Within adult social care, people, issues, organisations and regulatory bodies are always involved in the discussions on risk and safety. Responsibility, duty of care, adult safeguarding and capacity are of concern. The balance of keeping service users who are viewed as vulnerable safe in society can be contradicted with living independent lives and being able to take the risks others take in everyday life. Therefore, perceptions and assessments of risk is an individual matter for each service user, the communities and society and is fraught with decisions and choices. Mitchell and Glendinning (2007) suggest that the states role and pre-occupation with risk management is under constant evaluation rather than exploring and seeking to understand service users perspectives of risk. They highlight the need for more service users and carers involvement in risks, decision making and protection (Parrott, 2006). Events during the life course such as genetic/biological factors, and childhood experiences can have a huge impact on the ability of the mind and body to develop and maintain good mental health. Ones life course can encounter a combination of stressful events which can test the human bodys ability to cope emotionally, which sometimes can trigger anxiety, depression and/or other mental health conditions. Risk factors which can have a negative impact on ones mental health can be addressed by influencing supportive relationships, a healthy lifestyle, stress management techniques and emotional coping strategies, in which social workers can be apart of ensuring happens. On an individual factor John could be facing depression/grief from the loss of his wife who passed away a year ago. John could still be in the seven emotional stages of grief (Carers UK, 2012). This involves shock or disbelief, denial, bargaining, guilt, anger, depression, and acceptance/hope. Social workers and other prof essionals should be aware that, there are no time limits on grief and no set pattern of emotions and behaviours that people can follow, everyone is different and grief does not always happen straight away. The risk factors for experiencing more serious symptoms of grief/loss of a loved one is that John could be at an increased risk of being psychiatrically unstable due to a decline of his emotional well being. The change in Johns life events/situation could have a huge impact on his mental wellbeing, not only because he has lost his wife but he was also a carer for his wife which would have meant John would have had responsibilities daily. Therefore John also faces having to deal with the loss of his caring role, which he may include him feeling guilty/ relieved, exhausted and alone. John may also feel angry that someone has contacted social services as they feel worried about him, as at this moment in time John may be thinking he is coping fine. Johns family/social factors may be a potential risk as John lives alone and his two children live some distance away and only visit monthly. John could be feeling isolated and due to lack of family support and limited social networks, John could be at risk of deteriorating emotionally and physically. John could be feeling a loss of control over his life due to these changes and he could experience all types of symptoms such as significant loss of appetite, diminished energy levels, suicide thoughts, depression, anxiety and many more (NIMH, 2012). The issues around the perceptions of risk and rights for mental health service users are different as people are sometimes perceived as a risk rather than considered at risk in vulnerable situations. Therefore, John could be at risk of being overlooked by safeguarding practices and his individual rights comprised by the Mental Health 1983 if he is assessed as lacks capacity, when maybe all John needs is some support in getting his life back together and learning how to cope w ith all his life changes. This would be a multidisciplinary decision and user involvement in risk assessment and informed decision making about risks to John and others (Ray, Pugh, Roberts Beech, 2008). Regardless of whether John is assessed as having the capacity or not to make decisions under the Mental Health Capacity Act 2005, then professionals need to raise the awareness of human rights and enable John to have these rights realised. Independence, choice, control and experiences and feelings associated with danger, fear, abuse and safety would need to be addressed with John. Sheldon (2010) suggests that in any case of risk management, the service user should have their rights explained, including their human rights and risk management should not interfere with the service users rights to dignity, respect and privacy as also suggested by the Care Council Code of Practice for Social Workers (CCW, 2002, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1). It is important that the key role of assessments of adults allows people to make their own decisions whilst minimising risk or harm. By placing John at the centre of the caring process, it would be the social workers role to discuss options of support for John as a first option. Fair Access to Care Services would enable the social worker to focus on health, safety, autonomy and involvement with his family and the community but without overlooking risks of self harm, neglect, abuse and risks to carers and others. FACS was launched in 2003 by the Department of Health, so that adults in need can be assessed for eligibility of services (DOH, 2003). It focuses on four levels of risk to independent living, which would be of use in Johns case. Risk taking is a normal part of life, however the social worker needs to ensure they have taken all the steps needed to minimise risk. With John by considering the consequences of actions and the likelihood of harm he could cause to himself, and discussing the benefits for independence and well being, a support plan for managing risk could be put in place with Johns consent (CCW, 2002, 4.3). Risk assessment will help in developing risk management plans that minimize risks (Coulshed Orme, 2006). The social work ers role would be to provide John with support to enable him to help himself. Under the National Health and Community Care Act 1990, the local authority would have a duty to assess Johns needs and to ensure thats services are available for John. Protecting and safeguarding John from harm, abuse and neglect including financial, physical, sexual, emotional and institutionally would be the social workers main role. An assessment based on the needs of John would enable the social worker to build a positive relationship with John, to gather the relevant information, form an overview of the situation and identify possible solutions for the best way forward (Parrott, 2006). Assessment and care planning will enable the local authority to provide practical and emotional support for John. During assessment and care plan the social worker would be able to treat John holistically, promote his independence whilst clarifying risks that can follow from decisions made independently and also being a ble to involve other health professionals to benefit John. Through the care plan, John would be able to access a wide range of information and services, designed specifically for him. Social workers use the Mental Health Act 2005 as a criterion to minimise risk of harm to self or others, however the downside for service users is that of potential threat to independence and freedom that sometimes makes seeking help a hard decision to make in some cases, therefore social workers working in multidisciplary teams and having the use of assessment and care planning tools, makes decision making easier. Therefore all professionals and John would have some responsibility for making decisions and every professional would have input into providing and sharing information to arrive at a considered decision (Milner OByrne, 2009). This also minimises the risk of one person being involved and making decisions solely without having the right knowledge or support to reach appropriate outcomes with John. The autonomy of John to decide whether to engage with social services, and accept that he is not coping well at the moment, conflicts with social services and his neighbours concerns of him putting himself in danger/neglect. The professionals would need good social skills and value the principle of inclusion into society and autonomy to enable John to make his own decisions and make positive changes on his own behalf. The conflict in this case is that facing the social worker in assessing Johns needs. On one hand, John doesnt seem to be coping well however he has been assessed as having capacity, but on the other hand, John is exercising his own right to self determination and autonomy as he wont accept any support. The issue the social worker faces is that of John not engaging if John is able to understand some of the presenting problems in his current situation. In order to assess whether intervention is required, three categories of risk may be required. Johns physical risk could be causing harm to himself or others. Johns social risk of becoming isolated and acting in a way that is considered outside of the social norm and emotional risk, his physical and emotional health (Webb, 2006). In the case of John lacking capacity the social worker and other professionals would be working under the framework The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) in order to provide protection for John, who is unable to make decisions for himself. The Act contains provision for assessing whether people have the mental capacity to make decisions, procedures for making decisions on behalf of people who lack mental capacity and safeguards. Professionals would be working under the philosophy of the MCA, which is any decision made, or action taken, on behalf of John who lacks the capacity to make the decision or act for himself must be made in his best interest (Coulshed Orme, 2006). The Act is also supported by its own Code of Practice which has to be interpreted when using the Act. It is important that all professionals working with John understand his capacity might be affected only for a temporary period. The phrases used in the MCA section 2 in relation to a matter and at the material time mea ns that capacity must be assessed on a decision-by-decision basis. Therefore, capacity may not be a permanent status and John should not be described as having or lacking capacity. The level of capacity needed by John would depend on the decision to be made. For example, John may need a lower level of mental capacity to make decisions about everyday matters, such as what to eat or where to go at this moment in time. Professional should ensure John has not been assumed as lacking capacity due to his age, appearance, and mental health diagnosis or disability/medical condition (Webb, 2006). In 2007, under the Mental Health Act for England and Wales, Approved Social Workers were replaced by Approved Mental Health Practitioners (AMHPs) with the role and remit extended to other disciplines. The primary role of an AMPH is to act as the guardian of the patients rights. The AMHP has the responsibility of contacting the patients next of kin and to help any appeals against the order that the patient wants to make. In the case of John not having capacity, the AMHP may control access to some services such as day centres, respite care, residential care and other community support services, if needed (DOH, 2001). The social worker would also need to refer to other health/social care professionals if not already done so such as GP, community psychiatric nurse, physiatrist, counsellor, advice services, specific therapies to ensure an holistic approach is taken (Ray et al, 2008). The consultation report on safeguarding adults in Wales In Safe Hands (WAG, 2000) found that people were c oncerned about the balance between safeguarding and personalisation, between choice and risk. Social workers and other professionals need to ensure people have informed choices and introduce support systems. Social workers will have a distinctive role in multiagency settings and will need to ensure they develop practices to enable service users with mental health to identify and realise their own needs. The team involved in working with John will need to have broad experiences and social views of mental health problems especially in regards to discrimination, oppression, civil rights and social justice. They will need to co-ordinate efforts to support John so that he does not have negative experiences and /or perceptions of mental health and ensure he received services fairly and equably. The social worker will work with John to ensure he is not a victim of social isolation, poverty, unemployment, insecure housing and limited social and support networks and will have an independent view in assessment and care planning (Faulkner, 2012). In Johns case risk management will minimize the dangers both to and from John. However risk factors are individual and differ from professional to professional due to personal factors and the degree of control they have over the risk. A risk can be viewed as negative and positive. Risk is associated with decision making processes and should never be made in isolation. Social workers must take every precaution to protect the service user and the public, as the law makes people responsible for behaviours whether or not they were the ones who took the risk, intended or not. Practitioners can be held liable for negligence and a breach of duty. Trying to predict possibilities and risk assessing is a very important part of the social workers role (Parrott, 2006). Part 2

National Debt :: Economy Economics Argumentative Papers

National Debt The national debt is an issue of great concern to the economy. Each year, the debt amounts to a higher percentage of GDP. As we have studied, the debt weighs down the economy, and the interest payments are consuming an ever larger share of the national budget. Something must be done to avert this crisis from coming to a head. We need to begin today, by making spending cuts ACROSS THE BOARD. These cuts must be enacted sensitively, however, in order to keep the economy stable as we move toward a balanced budget. The need for spending cuts across the board cannot be understated. For just one example of how imbalanced our policies are, notice how 63% of all entitlements go to retirees. 93% of these are NON-MEANS-TESTED. Federal spending on the 65 and over age group is 11 times greater than on the 18 and under age group.^1 We must pay off the debt, but the current Republican plan should be votoed. First of all, it leaves welfare for the well-to-do, Social Security, and defense off the table. In fact, the current plan calls for a $34,000,000,000 increase in defense spending.^2 (Doesn't the military have the discipline to learn to be more cost-effective?) At the same time, the Republicans are calling for a $245,000,000,000 tax cut. Their plan is supposed to restrict the growth of Medicare. This is a good start, but they have no definite plans on how to restrict it. Basically, the Republican plan aims to balance the budget entirely at the expense of the young (for whom we are trying to balance the budget), the environment that they will inherit, the poor, and the weak, while sparing the rich, thealready-by-far most powerful military in the world, the elderly (the ones who accrued most of this debt for us),

Prevention of Colon Cancer through Proper Nutrition Essay

Incidence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Colon cancer is the third most often diagnosed cancer and is the second primary cause of cancer deaths in North America. The incidence is approximately 650,000 cases every year worldwide and has been increasing in the past few years. However, the mortality rate has decreased in 2002; the worldwide incidence was 278,000 male and 251,000 female cases every year (Landis, Murray, Bolden, & Wingo, 1999). In people 65 years or older, the incidence rate of colon cancer is 70% (Parkin, Whelan, Ferlay, Raymond, & Young, 1997). In people not more than 65 years old, the incidence is about 120 new cases for every 100,000 inhabitants every year; in people aged 55-75, the incidence of colon cancer is approximately 200 for every 100,000 inhabitants every year   (Jemal et al., 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lifetime risk of colorectal cancer in the general population is 2.5% to 5%, which means that 25-50 out of 100 people will get colon cancer in their lifetimes (Adrouny, 2002). This risk is increased two- or threefold if there is a first-degree relative who has had an adenomatous polyp or cancer. Mortality is about 90 for every 100,000 inhabitants per year (Jemal et al., 2004). The male-to-female ratio varies from 1.0 to 1.4 depending on the tumor registry that is reporting the data (Adrouny, 2002). The risk of colon cancer increases with age. The majority of cases occur in people over the age of sixty. In people between the ages of forty and fifty years the incidence of colon cancer is 15 new cases per 100,000 persons (Adrouny, 2002). Modifiable Risk Factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While many mechanisms remain ambiguous, many studies have indicated that a number of lifestyle and dietary factors are likely to have significant consequences on the risk of colon cancer. Smoking early in life, probably in combination with a diet that has no or low in some micronutrients like methinine and folate, is likely to increase the risk of colon cancer. Other environmental exposures, such as smoking, are also likely to be involved in causing colon cancer. Moreover, overeating, weight gain in adulthood, and obesity are strongly implicated as risk factors for colon cancer. Not only are obesity and weight gain associated with the presence of adenomatous polyps, but so is weight variability over a period (Adrouny, 2002). Physical inactivity or sedentary occupation is also a major risk factor for colon cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Giovannucci (2002), processed meats, red meat, and possibly refined carbohydrates may increase colon cancer risks. Also, more recent evidence show that chronic hyperinsulinemia is likely to have an influence on colon cancer risks. As insulin resistance and subsequent hyperinsulinemia is induced by excess energy intake and some characteristics of the Western diet, such as refined carbohydrates and saturated fats, insulin may contribute to colon cancer (Giovannucci, 2002). In addition, agents with chemopreventive properties like postmenopausal estrogens and aspirin are likely to have unpleasant effects, thus making general recommendations require a cautious consideration of the risk-benefit ratio. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of colon cancer may still be incompletely understood, it is acknowledged that the anatomic precursor of colon cancer is the adenomatous polyp. Basically, adenoma is a benign growth from a glandular tissue; a polyp is a growth protruding from a mucous membrane. People who have adenomatous polyps in the colon are at increased risk of developing cancer. One major non-modifiable risk factor is the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Here, an affected individual develops hundreds or thousands of polyps by his or her teen years, any one of which may develop into a cancer. Preventive action, usually consisting of repeated examination or removal of the colon, is necessary, along with careful screening of family members for this disorder. The Gardner syndrome is probably a variant of FAP; it occurs about half as frequently and has similar clinical features. It may affect the small intestine as well as the colon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oldfield and Turcot syndromes might be related to FAP. While the former is associated with sebaceous cysts, the latter is associated with tumors of the central nervous system and may be transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene. Another risk factor for colon cancer is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Although these forms of colon cancer arise from polyps, individuals do not have an abundant proliferation of polyps as in the abovementioned polyposis syndromes. The polyps that are found in family members have an extraordinarily high likelihood of progressing to cancer. Prevention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The large body of evidence shows that it is feasible to prevent colon cancer. In their study, Emmons et al. (2005) approximate that a significant fraction of the colon cancer risk in the middle-aged men in the United States might be avoidable with optimal common lifestyle and dietary behaviors. National recommendations and clinical practice and for adult men and women in the US already promoted the following for the prevention of cancer in general, and colon cancer in particular: controlling of obesity, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, increasing physical activity, consuming more fruits and vegetables and diets that are low in saturated fat (American Cancer Society, 1996). The following prevention practices are specifically aimed at middle aged (30-50 years) American men. As mentioned earlier in this paper, there is a higher incidence rate of colon cancer in men than women, and that this age bracket is highly at risk for colon cancer. The focus is the primary prevention of colon cancer by consuming more fruits and vegetables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The consumption of fruits and vegetables as a measure in preventing colon cancer has been supported in many studies (e.g., Smith-Warner, Genkinger, & Giovannucci, 2006). It was found that for total vegetables, 75% of the results reported in 22 case-control studies suggested that colon cancer risk was reduced by at least 20% for those in the highest compared with the lowest intake category, with 33% of the estimates indicating that the reduction in risk exceeded 50%. For total fruits, the results have been less consistent among 19 case-control studies; 48% of the risk estimates suggested at least a 20% reduction in risk and only 11% showed more than a 50% lower risk for the highest versus the lowest intakes (Kousnik et al., 2007). Furthermore, in an earlier review of 21 case-control and four cohort studies by an international panel, credible evidence was found that vegetable consumption indeed reduces colon cancer risks (World Cancer Research Fund, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies have also suggested that dietary calcium plays a role in protecting against colon cancer; it may do so by binding fatty acids and bile acids and directly inhibiting abnormal growth of colon epithelial cells. Fruits and vegetables are thought to reduce the risk of colon cancer because they have a higher composition of fiber compared to other diets. On the other hand, diets low in fiber and high in fat intake are thought to increase the risk of the cancer. Thus, it is not surprising that, in Africa and Asia, where dietary customs place emphasis on high-fiber, low-fat foods, fruits, and vegetables, people have lower incidence of colon cancer compared to the United States and Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major explanation for the protective effect of cereal fiber is not known. One of the most convincing theories is that fiber has a dilutional effect on fecal ingredients which may cause development of cancer. It also has an effect on the faster passage of stool through the bowel, thus reducing cell damage and contact time (Adrouny, 2002). In general, however, more recent epidemiologic research has tended not to support the strong influence of fiber in preventing colon cancer; instead, some phytochemicals or micronutrients in foods rich in fiber may be important. Folate is one nutrient that has of late been receiving much attention and is increasingly being studied in randomized intervention trials. Recent research suggests that persons who supplement their diet with at least 800 micrograms of the vitamin folic acid on a daily basis have a reduced incidence of colon cancer (Adrouny, 2002). References    American Cancer Society. (1996). Guidelines on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 46, 325-341. Giovannucci, E. (2002). Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterology Clinic North America, 31, 925-43. Jemal, A., Clegg, L. X., Ward, E., Ries, L. A., Wu, X., Jamison, P. M. et al. (2004). Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2001. Cancer, 101, 3–27. Koushik, A., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Buring, J. E. et al. (2007). Fruits, Vegetables, and Colon Cancer Risk in a Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Studies. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 99, 1471-1483. Landis, S.H., Murray, T., Bolden, S., & Wingo, P. A. (1999). Cancer statistics 1999, Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 49, 8–31 Parkin, D. M., Whelan, S. L., Ferlay, J., Raymond, L., &Young, J. (Eds.). (1997), Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Lyon: IARC Press. Smith-Warner, S. A., Genkinger, J., & Giovannucci, E. (2006). Fruit and vegetable intake and cancer. In D. Heber, G. L. B;ackburn, V. L. Go, & J. Milner (Eds.), Nutritional oncology (97-173). Burlington, MA: Elsevier. World Cancer Research Fund. (2007). Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington (DC): American Institute for Cancer Research.   

Arithmetic Mean and Life Satisfaction

PART A: i) Male: Female: The mean value of life satisfaction for male is about 7. 7459 while for female is 7. 7101, which proves there is no significant different life satisfaction between male and female, thus gender does not affect life satisfaction a lot. But when it comes to sample variance, for male is 2. 5684 while for female is 3. 0081. From this pair of figures it is obvious that the life satisfaction for female is more flexible than male. Man’s life satisfactions are easy to be affected by other variables. I assume â€Å"GENDER† does not affect life satisfaction. ii) Not alone: Alone:The mean value of satisfaction for those who is not alone is about 7. 8055 meanwhile the figure for those who live alone is 7. 32584. There is a big gap between these two data, which implies that â€Å"ALONE† have a significant impact on people life satisfaction. Additionally, sample variance for alone is much higher than for not alone, which implies other variables affect p eople who live alone severely and affect people not alone a little. I assume â€Å"ALONE† affects â€Å"LIFESAT† vitally, since people feel happier when they are accompanied by others but for those who are alone are easy to feel lonely and sad. iii) Income 1: Income 6:The average life satisfaction for people with income level 1 is 7. 4426 while for people with income level 6 is 8. 2069, which means people with high income are more satisfy with their life than those with low income. Furthermore, the sample variance for income 1 is 4. 37941 while for level 6 is only 0. 74138, which tells that people with relatively high income enjoys a relatively stable high life satisfaction. Personally, I reckon that people with high income are happier than those with low income, as they are more capable to purchase what they like which makes people satisfy with their lives. PART B: i) Y=7. 746-0. 036X (gender)For gender, the ? 2 is -0. 036 which means gender has negative relationship with satisfaction. And 0 represents male while 1 means female. Thus when other factors are the same, life satisfaction of female is slightly less than man. The result is not exactly what I have supposed. My prior assumption is ? 2 should be zero in this circumstance. ii) Y=7. 360+0. 008X (age) From this function, age has a positive linear relationship with life satisfaction. As people grow old, they tend to be more satisfied with their life. ?2 is a little bit different from what I expected, as I suppose ? 2 should be a bigger positive number than it is.I reckon that as people grow old they might be easy to feel satisfied about life. For young people they are more likely to be ambitious and do not feel enough about what they have. iii) Y=7. 805-0. 480X (alone) Alone has a negative relationship with life satisfaction, it means people who are alone have less life satisfaction than those accompanied by others. The result is in accordance with what I expected. iv) Y=7. 300+0. 174X (inco me) ?2 is 0. 174 which means as income increase by 1 unit life satisfaction will go up by 0. 174. The more people earned the more satisfied they feel about their life.The result is correspondent with what I expected. PART C: Estimated sample regression function: Yhat=6. 4981-0. 0094X1-0. 0005X2+0. 0497X3+0. 0170X4-0. 3975X5+0. 1986X6 PART D: i) Y=6. 4981-0. 0094X1-0. 0005X2+0. 0497X3+0. 0170X4-0. 3975X5+0. 1986X6 =6. 4981-0. 0094*0-0. 0005*50+0. 0497*0+0. 0170*26-0. 3975*1+0. 1986*3 =7. 1134 ii) Y=6. 4981-0. 0094X1-0. 0005X2+0. 0497X3+0. 0170X4-0. 3975X5+0. 1986X6 =6. 4981-0. 0094*0-0. 0005*50+0. 0497*0+0. 0170*35-0. 3975*0+0. 1986*3 =7. 6639 PART E: Setting religion as another independent variable, â€Å"0† represents no religion and â€Å"1† means having religion.In my opinion, when other variables remains stable people with religion compared with people without religion are more satisfied with their lives, since people with religion have spiritual sustenance. Hours spend on sleep every week can also be set as another independent variable (0? X? 168). I suppose that people who spent more time on sleep will be happier than those got less time on sleep. PART F: Coefficients as calculated in part c: Yhat=6. 4981-0. 0094X1-0. 0005X2+0. 0497X3+0. 0170X4-0. 3975X5+0. 1986X6 SSE=(Y-YHAT)^2 One example for made up coefficients: As I change the portfolio of coefficient, the new sum of squared residuals ever lower than the original SSE. The coefficients we got by applying the OLS model contributes to the most minor sum of squared residuals. PART G: i) H0: ? 1=0 H1: ? 1? 0 Test statistic: T= (6. 49806173672354-0)/ 0. 199293520416749= 32. 6054842281637 With ? =0. 1. From the t table, value of t with 10% level of significance and (n-7=1660-7=1653) d. f. , the critical value of t is |tc|=1. 645 With ? =0. 05. |tc|=1. 960 With ? =0. 01. |tc|=2. 576 |t|=32. 605>| tc| Reject H0 at 10%, 5%, and 1% level of significant. Therefore ? 1 is significant different from 0 at all these three level. ii) H0: ? 2=0 H1: ? 2? 0 Test statistic:T=(-0. 0094153888009149-0)/ 0. 00475949120927804= -1. 97823430844052 |t|=|-1. 97823430844052|=1. 97823430844052 |t0. 95, 1653|

Business Ethics Reflection

When one is faced with ethical dilemmas he or she needs to look at the situation as a whole and determine what the outcome of the situation would be and to whom it may effect. As I remember facing a dilemma when asked to write this paper what came to mind was haven to decide how I was going to confront a fellow employee on knowing that she was stealing money and that she was abusing our friendship by coming into work late on a regular basis. She was a single mom of one and was struggling to make ends meet but that gave her no right to steal from the company and do not make it right to take advantage of our friendship. My dilemma was that of having to report her. This person took advantage of our friendship while working together and to me that makes it harder at times to report a person to those of authority. I looked at her situation but that did not make me change my mind to report her. First, I made sure that it was her taking the money and I monitored the money for a week to determine about how much she was taking from the register so that I was able to have something to follow up on when I reported her. I then went to my supervisor and reported the incident and asked that we both sit down and talk to her and explain what we know and how we know of her stealing money from the register. After the sit down with this employee we let her know that there were consequences of her actions and that she was going to have to be let go from the company. We could have pressed charges against her but we chose not to since the amount of money was not a large amount. The moral issue in this dilemma is that of a person taking advantage of one’s friendship and that of losing a close friend. This person put our being friends on the line and looked at our friendship as it was okay to take the money and that nothing would happen to her since we were friends. The issue I had to face here was that of our friendship and how it would affect our families and then I had the obligation of being the office manager of reporting her since I was the one in charge of the office and responsible of what goes on in there. I as the office manager had to make my priorities to the company since her taking money could possible affect business. Yes, the money was not a large amount but after taking money for a number of days or weeks it could potentially affect profits. This person to me did not value our friendship by doing what she did because if she had she would have not put me in that situation in the first place. She did not value our friendship and she did not value her job and not to mention the position that she had put me in. Also she did not value the job that she had and put her family in harm by possibly being sent to jail for stealing. To me she did not think that she had to follow the rules of the company and that she even though she did get caught was sorry but was she sorry for getting caught or was she sorry she was losing her means of getting extra money? I am not as close to this person anymore because if she could do that then who’s to say she would not try to steal from me and my family? Social pressure does affect how people put themselves in certain situations when it comes to business. This person used her struggling to raise a child on her own to think that it was alright to steal money to make ends meet. Instead of going to the boss and asking for extra hours or even a raise to make more money she decided to take it in to her own hands and to steal money. With how expensive it is now-a-days to make ends meet people do things that they would not normally do such as stealing but that does not make them morally right. If I were to be faced with this type of situation again I think I would have done the same thing and reported it to the proper authorities. I would not want to put my job on the line to make sure a friendship stayed intact. I would have probably try to see warning signs and ask that person if there was anything I could do to help out or try to get that person more hours at work. I work from home so right now I am not put in situations such as that but thinking back I would most definitely take the same actions. I would also make sure not to work closely with good friends so that I am not put in such a situation. Keeping a working relationship but not one of a social relationship outside of work will help to keep me from having to be put in the type of dilemma.

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 4 Essay

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 4 - Essay Example Competition law and the antitrust laws are examples of such regulations. The laws are set of rules and regulations designed to enhance competitive environment in the business environment. This paper evaluates an example of a merger between two major telecommunication companies. Some issues arise due to generic competition. Generic competition stems from producers who do not incur costs in research before they launch a product to market. It results in the original manufacture imposing some restrictions to protect their brands. This paper will address legal barriers in introducing a new product to market and possible dilemmas. Key words: competition, legal, mergers, antitrust and law. International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Introduction The antitrust laws were put in place by the federal and state governments in United States to regulate businesses. The laws ensure that companies do not become too big and they do not fix their prices. The law also ensures that there is perfe ct competition in market so that the consumer welfare is maintained. The federal governments are also mandated in reviewing potential mergers to attempt to prevent market concentration. The antitrust laws apply to businesses and individuals. The laws were enacted to stop businesses that go too large from blocking competition and abusing their power (Baker, 2004). The antitrust law is aimed at ensuring perfect competition. ... It is estimated that pharmaceutical companies spend an average of $800-1 billion and between eight and sixteen years to research a new drug (Crandal & Clifford, 2003). Research need to be conducted to ensure that the drug introduced to the market can compete perfectly. The drug should also meet the target population needs; it should be in a position to solve their problems. As a result, an extensive research should be conducted to make sure that the brand conforms to set standard and market needs. Due to this, high cost is incurred. Legal Barriers to Market Entry Legal requirements have to be followed by the drug manufacturers to ensure that they enter the market with legal approval. There are legal barriers that control the entry of drugs to the market in the United States. In 2003, President Bush signed into law the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of Approval. The act has had major impact on the entry of generic pharmaceutical drugs to the market. The 2003 act contains three rules that control the entry of the drugs to the market. The act allows a minimum of one 30- month stay per generic application, clarifies the types of patents that must not be submitted to Food and Drug administration for listing in the orange book, revises the information required to be submitted on patents, and consolidates all patent information on declaring forms to ensure that the submissions are more informative and precise. In addition to the 30 month stay per application, the FDA tightened control on the types of patent claims submitted by the innovator company. The law ensures that the innovator drug companies would no longer be able to submit patents claiming packaging, metabolites and